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POWER SYSTEM OPERATION LEARNING OBJECTIVES
TABLE OF CONTENT
5101: Review of Electrical Fundamentals I
5102: Review of Electrical Fundamentals II
5103: Elements of the Power System I
5104: Elements of the Power System II
5105: Elements of the Power System III
5108: Steady State Voltage Control
5111: Constraints of Steady State Operation
5112: Dynamic System Performance Concepts
5113: Equipment Response to Abnormal Conditions I
5114: Equipment Response to Abnormal Conditions II
5115: Power System Communications
5117: Normal Operating Hazards and Safety A&B
5119: Recovery from Major Disasters
5101: Review of Electrical Fundamentals I
The objective of this videotape is to provide the student with a familiarity in AC circuit theory and required mathematical manipulations. Upon completion of this videotape and the accompanying workbook exercises, the participant should understand and be able to apply the following concepts:
- Voltage and current waveshapes in resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits
- Vector diagrams representing the above waveshapes
- Construction of the power triangle for circuits involving reactive power
- The concept of power factor
This videotraining series is referred to as a "review" as it is assumed that most students are generally familiar with the basic concepts presented in the modules, as well as the terminology used. This series is meant to provide the participant with a more structured background in the subject.
5102: Review of Electrical Fundamentals II
The objective of this videotape is to provide the operator with an understanding in ac circuit theory and required mathematical manipulations. Upon completion of this module and accompanying workbook exercises, the participant should be familiar with and be able to apply the following concepts:
- Three-phase generation
- Three-phase circuits
- Wye/delta connections
- Three-phase volt-amperes
- The calculation of complex impedance
- Voltage drop calculations using vector analysis
This videotraining series is referred to as a "review" as it is assumed that most students are generally familiar with the basic concepts presented in the modules, as well as the terminology used. This series is meant to provide the participant with a more structured background in the subject.
5103: Elements of the Power System I
The objective of this videotape is to provide the participant with an overview of the entire power system. The basic components of the power system, their functions, how they work, and how they affect the operation of the system is also discussed. The module is the first part of a three tape series in which the components and characteristics of the power system and power system operation are described. It should be viewed by the participants in sequence with videotapes 5104 and 5105.
5104: Elements of the Power System II
The objective of this videotape is to familiarize the participant with the purpose and operating characteristics of the equipment associated with transmission and distribution networks of power systems. Upon completion of this videotape and accompanying workbook exercises, the participant should be familiar with:
- Line and cable loadings (a continuation from the material introduced in tape 5103)
- Substation configurations
- Transformers
- Terminal equipment
This videotape is the second part of a three part series in which the components and characteristics of the power system and it’s operation are described. It should be viewing in sequence along with videotapes 5103 and 5105.
5105: Elements of the Power System III
The objective of this videotape is to introduce the participant to the various system equipment used for compensation and protection. It also will provide the participant with a summary of "Elements of the Power System", which ties together the equipment and operating characteristics presented in tapes 5103 and 5104 and this particular tape, 5105. This module is the last of a three tape series in which the components and characteristics of the power system and its operation are described. It should be viewed in sequence with modules 5103 and 5104.
5106: Steady-State Power Flow
The overall objective of the preceding two videotapes is to introduce the participant to the important pieces of equipment that make up an electric utility system and the basics of MW flow in a power system. The objective of this videotape is to give the participant a firm understanding of how equipment that makes up an electric utility system behaves in an integrated system, under steady state conditions. Upon completion of this videotape and accompanying workbook exercises, the participant should have an understanding of, and be able to apply the following concepts:
- Steady state operation
- Power demand and supply
- Load angle (Phase Angle)
- Power transfer capability on a circuit
This videotape is the first in a two-part series and should be viewed in sequence with tape 5107.
5107: Power Flow Studies
This is the second videotape in a two-part series which introduces the participant to MW flow in a power system. The objective of this videotape is to discuss how power divides and distributes itself in a network. Upon completion of this videotape and accompanying workbook exercises, the participant should have an understanding and be able to apply the following concepts:
- Basic principles of power flow in parallel circuits
- The division of power flow and load flows on a complicated network
- The effects of circuit outages and generation shifts on steady-state power flow
- Distribution factors as a convenient method of predicting the redistribution of power flows during outages
This videotape should provide the operator with the ability to recognize possible overload conditions on the system and the methods for its correction. As videotape is the second in a two-part series and should be viewed in sequence with tape 5106.
5108: Steady State Voltage Control
Objective of this videotape is to give the participant a firm understanding of the importance of voltage control and three basic methods for controlling voltage control. Upon completion of this videotape and associated workbook exercises, the participant should have an understanding and be able to apply the following concepts:
- Excitation adjustment
- Transformer tap changing
- Installation of special equipment (capacitors,reactors,etc.)
- How local change in voltage may cause voltage levels and var flows to change elsewhere on the system
- How to correct situations where abnormal voltage level exists and flow megavars is undesirable ence equalizer.
5109: Economic Operation I
The objective of this videotape is to introduce the participant to the concepts of unit commitment, operating reserves, economic dispatch and load frequency control through governor action. Upon completion of this videotape the participant should have a firm understanding of common procedures used to decide the following:
- How much generation should be made available to meet the daily, weekly, and yearly load demand
- Which specific units to run (unit commitment)
- How to dispatch units on-line so that total system production cost is minimum (economic dispatch)
This is the first part of a three tape series, which describes procedures for scheduling generation to meet the load demand so that costs are minimized.
5110a: Economic Operation II
This videotape covers two main areas of power system operation, the first being scheduling economy interchange and second the principles of Automatic Generation Control. The objective of this videotape is to provide the participant with a basic understanding of the technical and economic factors that determine the amount and timing of interchange transactions. Upon completion of this videotape, the participant should have an understanding and be able to apply the following:
- The importance of system incremental cost and other interchange transactions when more than two area are involved.
- Interchange scheduling at one instant of time (time varying loads are mentioned)
- The effects of AGC operation on interchange transactions
- Major components of AGC, as well as unit control modes are discussed
5110b: Economic Operation III
The objective of this videotape is to acquaint the student with the basic techniques used to economically schedule conventional and pumped storage hydro projects in mixed hydrothermal systems. Upon completion of this module and associated workbook exercises, the participant should be familiar with:
- How to schedule conventional hydro projects
- Using thermal incremental costs and water release requirements to determine the hours during which the hydro plant should run
- The importance of modeling specific operating constraints, both electrical and hydraulic
- How to minimize system production cost through use of "peak shaving" mode
- Economic scheduling of pumped storage hydro projects
- Operating differences between conventional and pumped storage hydro projects
- The calculation of an economic schedule for a system containing one thermal unit and one pumped storage unit
5111: Constraints of Steady State Operation
The objective of this videotape is to discuss the various types of steady-state voltage, current, and frequency constraints on operation that must be observed during the day-to-day operation of the power system. Included is an introduction to the concept of power system reliability from the system operator’s viewpoint, as well as contingency analysis as an important tool in assessing the adequacy and security of the power system. Upon completion of this videotape and accompanying workbook exercises, the operator should have an understanding of:
- The reasons behind the restrictions placed on the operation of various types of equipment
- The short-time overload capability of certain key system elements (e.g. power transformers and overhead conductors)
- How pieces of equipment can be overloaded safely
- Methods of predicting overload and/or voltage problem before they occur
5112: Dynamic System Performance Concepts
The objective of this videotape is to give the operator a "feel" for the level of exposure a system will have to instability under various circumstances. It is limited to the basic concepts, with emphasis on the practical aspects of stability. Upon completion of this module and accompanying workbook exercises, the participant should be familiar with the following:
- The effects of such factors as line trips, faults, number of parallel of lines, line length, etc. on the stability of a system
5113: Equipment Response to Abnormal Conditions I
The objective of this videotape is to give the participant a basic understanding of how some types of equipment respond to abnormal conditions. Upon completion of this module and accompanying workbook exercises, the operator should have an understanding for the following concepts:
- How to categorize normal versus abnormal operating conditions in terms of system "states"
- How equipment can be used to improve system conditions
- How equipment with automatic controls work to change the operating condition, and under what instances these controls may perform in a manner that worsens the system condition
- The fundamentals of governor operation and their actions when a system is subject to sudden load-generation imbalance
- Boiler controls and their effect on availability of reserves following a disturbance
5114: Equipment Response to Abnormal Conditions II
The objective of this videotape is to give the participant a basic understanding of how some types of equipment respond to abnormal conditions. Upon completion of this module and accompanying workbook exercises, the operator should have an understanding for the following concepts:
- Different types of generator excitation systems, how they work to control voltage, and how they respond to disturbances
- Means of voltage control, such as large capacitor banks and switchable reactors
- AGC operation under abnormal conditions
- Phase shifting and LTC transformers and their effects on the system during abnormal conditions
- Load characteristics and protective relays
- How equipment can be used to improve system conditions
- How equipment with automatic controls work to change the operating condition, and under what instances these controls may perform in a manner that worsens the system condition
5115: Power System Communications
The objective of this videotape is to inform the participant of the different types of communication technologies used in the power system, and how they are used for the transfer of information. Upon completion of this module and associated workbook, the participant should be familiar with the following concepts:
- The main uses of communications throughout the power system and communication technologies in each application
- Theory of carrier waves and signal modulation
- Power-line carrier
- Procedures of signal modulation and multiplexing
The terminology used to describe communications systems tends to be different from that used in the day-to-day operation of the power systems. The instructor should emphasize these differences and assure that the participant is familiar with communication applications as they impact the participants operation of the system.
5116: Protective Relaying A&B
The objective of this videotape is to give the participant a broad understanding of how relays function to cause the prompt removal from service of any power-carrying element in a system, when a fault or any abnormal condition occurs. Upon completion of this videotape and accompanying workbook exercises, the participant should be familiar with the following concepts:
- Protective relaying on the power system
- Relay fundamentals
- The basic operating principles of the most common types of relays
- The philosophy of protection
- How some of these types of relays are applied to the utility system
5117: Normal Operating Hazards and Safety A&B
The objective of this videotape is to give the participant a broad understanding of how relays function to cause the prompt removal from service of any power-carrying element in a system, when a fault or any abnormal condition occurs. Upon completion of this videotape and accompanying workbook exercises, the participant should be familiar with the following concepts:
- The hazards to both equipment and personnel which may result from such normal power system operations as:
- increasing plant loadings
- bringing generating units on/off line
- line switching
- maintenance procedures involving circuit breakers and disconnects
- supervisory control, and metering
- The reasons for why utility operating restrictions are imposed on the performance of the operators job
5118: Emergency Conditions
The objective of this videotape is to aquaint the system operator with various aspects of the operator’s role during emergencies, the operator’s responsibilities, and the extent of the operator’s control over the situation. Upon completion of this module and accompanying workbook, the participant should be familiar with the following concepts:
- How an operator recognizes an emergency situation developing on the system
- What information is available to correctly diagnose and assess the severity of the problem
- Various ways the operator can take corrective action and if necessary separate the system in a manner so as to prepare it for restoration
- Events leading to a control area’s separation from the interconnection as a result of uncontrolled falling frequency
Since the procedures discussed are meant to be of a general nature and likely vary from utility to utility, it is important for the instructor to relate the material to the participant’s own utility or power pool procedures. It is also important to stress the need for system-specific training in diagnosing an responding to emergencies on that particular system.
5119: Recovery from Major Disasters
The objective of this videotape is to give the participant a broad background in the steps to be taken in order to effectively recover from a major shutdown of the system, and to identify some of the common problems facing the operator during restoration. Upon completion of this videotape and accompanying workbook exercises, the participant should be familiar with the following concepts:
- Basic considerations of restoration
- Cold load pickup
- Generator loading, frequency control, and voltage control during restoration
5120: System Operating Manual
The objective of this video is to present and discuss the rules and guidelines established by NERC (North American Electric Reliability Council) to ensure co-ordination of operation between the interconnected control areas throughout the region. Upon completion of this video and associated workbook, the participant should be able to understand and apply the following concepts.
- AGC control
- Inadvertent interchange
- Control area performance criteria
- Reliability guideline
- Reserve criteria: operating and standby
- Emergency operating practices
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