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Combined Cycle Technologies
Overview
Combined Cycle plants employ both steam turbines and combustion (gas) turbines and are operated in a manner which raises the overall plant efficiency almost 60%. This significant improvement in efficiency is achieved by using the waste heat from the combustion turbine exhaust in the production steam for the steam turbine cycle. The popularity of combined cycle plants has increased dramatically in recent years, driven both by the increasing cost of fossil fuels and by the increasingly stringent regulations regarding emissions of all sort. We have created this series to assist engineers, trainers, maintenance staff, and plant operators with the knowledge necessary in Combined Cycle Technologies.
Who Benefits:
Engineers, trainers, maintenance staff, plant operators
Language Availability:
English, Spanish and Cantonese CD-ROM: English
Format:
- Video
- MPEG
- CD-ROM
- VCD
Video Support Material:
Reproducible student workbook and instructor guide available with each module.
Program Segments
2501 Major Components Design and Construction
Gas turbine cycles; single shaft and two shaft arrangements; exhaust heat recovery, combined cycle; compressors, axial flow, centrifugal; compressor stall; combustor arrangements; turbine construction, blade cooling; factors affecting turbine efficiency; exhaust frame assembly; gas turbine starting arrangements. (58 minutes)
2502 Gas Turbine Support Systems
Oil systems, lubricating and hydraulic; combustion system; fuel system, oil, gas; air systems, cooling, sealing, atomizing, purge; primary air inlet system; denox systems, environmental limits; cooling systems. (58 minutes)
2503 Operation of Gas Turbines
Operating manoeuvers; start-up prerequisites; start-up procedure, start-up curve; purge control, ignition; load changes, governor control; exhaust temperature control; shut-down procedure, turning gear; operating hazards, mechanical, thermal, combustion. (60 minutes)
2504 Control & Protection Systems
Monitoring conditions; indications and logging information; alarms - annunciators; permissive conditions and relays; protection devices; control equipment; computer controlled systems. (60 minutes)
2505 Aero-Derivative Gas Turbines
Suitability for peaking and black start; the aero jet engine; gas generator; free turbine; multi-shaft arrangements; shaft speeds N1, N2, N3; auxiliary systems; compressed air starting; start-up and operating procedures; indications and controls. (60 minutes)
2506 Routine Maintenance
On-line running maintenance; predictive maintenance, plotting trends; performance testing, fuel consumption, heat rate; vibration analysis, unbalance; preventive maintenance, planned outages, scheduled taks, inspection, replacement, repair; frequency of inspection; procedure for combustion inspection, borescope. (58 minutes)
2507 Major Maintenance
Good work practices, standard procedures, preparation for task; hot gas path inspection, procedure for disassembly, marking components, measuring clearances, inspection of components, replacement, reassembly; dye penetrant test; major overhaul, checking the compressor, turbine & compressor, rotor removal, inspection of thrust & journal bearings, blade inspection & clearances, setting packing seals, spare parts requirements. (56 minutes)
2508 Combined Cycle Operations
Heat contained in exhaust gas, heat recovery; control of exhaust gas temperature, gt load, inlet guide vanes, auxiliary burners; typical combined cycle configurations, steam turbines for combined cycle, hrsg steam bypass to condenser; start-up & control of combined cycle unit. (56 minutes)
2509 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Heat transfer, natural circulation, forced circulation; typical hrsg construction, economizer, evaporator, superheater; steam fundamentals, saturation, wet steam, superheat, re-heat, steam temperature control; multi-pressure hrsg's, dampers, gas by-pass, monitoring gas temperatures; condensate & feedwater system & controls; make-up, boiler water chemical control, chemical additives. (59 minutes)
2510 Generator and Electrical Systems
Generator construction; hydrogen cooling, air cooling; excitation systems, control of Mvars; synchronizing, parallel operation; auxiliary power supplies; generator protection. (59 minutes)
7401 Co-Generation & Other Turbine Cycles
Co-generation cycles; back pressure turbines; condensing turbine closed cycle; condenser vacuum; extraction steam; energy balance; cycle efficiency; major losses; support systems; properties of steam and water.
7402 Steam Production
Heat transfer; fire tube boilers; heat recovery boilers; water tube boilers; superheater; reheater; attemperator; air heater; fans; feedwater.
7403 Fuels & Combustion
Constituents and characteristics of fuels, coal, oil, gas, wood; combustion fundamentals; excess air; flue gas analysis; efficiency; combustion equipment; grates; burners; primary and secondary air.
7404 Boiler Operation
Start-up & shut-down procedures, monitoring operation, efficient combustion, significance of O2 & co2 in flue gas, ash related problems, soot blowers, corrosion control, potential hazards, protection equipment.
7405 Boiler Control (Operation, Environmental, Chemical)
Auto-manual control systems, control of emissions, soX , noX , particulates, pollution control equipment, effluent treatment, boiler water control, chemical injection, water treatment.
7406 Steam Turbine Construction
Cylinder layout; reheat system; stator and rotor construction; provision for expansion; thrust bearing; bearings; lubrication system; gland seal system; vacuum equipment; condenser.
7407 Steam Turbine Operation & Control
Start-up and operation; control of steam admission; thermal stress and limitations; monitoring devices; metal temperature; expansion; eccentricity vibration; protection devices; overspeed; low vacuum.
7408 Power Generation
Generator construction; cooling by air or hydrogen; excitation systems; synchronizing and parallel operation; control of mw and mvar output.
7409 Plant Auxiliary Systems
Condensate and feedwater; condenser circulating water; cooling towers; steam systems; plant service water; fuel systems; auxiliary equipment - pumps, compressors, valves, piping; heat exchangers; operating parameters.
7410 Power Plant Maintenance
Running maintenance; predictive maintenance; condition monitoring; vibration analysis; planned maintenance; scheduled tasks; inspection; replacement; repair; overhaul tasks; records.
7411 Combined Heat and Power Systems
Sources of waste heat in generation equipment; heat recovery; district heating; hot water distribution; steam distribution; pressure and temperature control; cogen interface with utility.
7801 Fundamentals of Plant Efficiency I
Review of boiler, turbine cycle, and plant efficiency; heat rate; the effect on efficiency of: steam pressure and temperature, exit gas temperature, turbine exhaust pressure, fuel composition, fuel air mixing, heat loss in h2o to atmosphere.
7802 Fundamentals of Plant Efficiency II
Mechanical losses; review of: Mollier diagrams, temperature entropy diagrams, heat temperature curves for water (steam); wetness; ideal vs real expansion; effect on cycle efficiency of feedwater heating: steam pressure, steam temperature, turbine exhaust pressure, adding a reheat cycle; feedwater heating.
7803 Factors Affecting Boiler Efficiency
The boiler "system"; fuel quality and prepa-ration; ash fusion temperature; fireside deposits; heat transfer; exit gas temperature; dew point; excess air; CO; unburnt carbon; attemperation; air heaters; leakage; flue gas analysis; silica carryover; blowdown.
7804 Operator Controllable Losses: Boiler
Operator awareness, diagnosis and corrective action; control of steam pressure and temper-ature; exit gas temperature; combustion; furnace conditions; draft pressures; excess air; slagging; deposits; sootblowing.
7805 Factors Affecting Turbine Efficiency
Steam conditions throughout cycle; changes in steam pressure and temperature; exhaust steam wetness; condenser backpressure; extraction steam; feedwater heaters; silica deposits; blade erosion; steam leakage; sliding pressure control.
7806 Operator Controllable Losses: Turbine Cycle
Condenser performance; terminal temperature difference; cooling water temperature rise; tube deposits and blockage; insufficient C.W. flow; condenser venting and cleaning; air in-leakage, ejectors; vacuum pumps, gland seal system; expansion joints; control of steam admission; partial/full arc.
7807 Balance of Plant Operation
Feedwater heaters; terminal temperature difference; heater drains; drain cooler; approach temperature; desuperheating section; deaeration; pump performance; operating characteristics; cavitation; efficiency; effect of load changes on plant efficiency.
7808 Power Plant Control
Generation control; modes of plant control: boiler follow, turbine follow; coordinated; types of control system: pneumatic, electronic, digital; impact of control on efficiency; control of start-up and shut-down.
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